Retinal Prostheses: Basic Introduction, Current Technology Investigate and Future Outlooks
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61173/tamncj38Keywords:
Brain Machine Interface, Medical Protheses, Artificial Sight, Disability RecoveryAbstract
This passage would briefly introduce the Retinal Implant technology from three aspects: System, structure and signal processing of the Retinal implantation, reviewing on several existing specific example in the market, also comparing and contrasting them and making possible suggestions of future developing pathways.
References
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[3] Wu, K. Y., Mina, M., Sahyoun, J. Y., Kalevar, A., & Tran, Figure 6 picture of retinal prothesis in eyeball S. D. (2023). Retinal Prostheses: Engineering and Clinical The next part is the signal processing and coding of the Perspectives for Vision Restoration. Sensors, 23(13), 5782. electrical signal. A VPU (Visual processing Unit) is used, [4] Karadima, V., Pezaris, E.A. & Pezaris, J.S. Attitudes which plays a different role than photosensitive photodi- of potential recipients toward emerging visual prosthesis odes in retinal implantation. technologies. Sci Rep 13, 10963 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/ The VPU is responsible for real-time signal processing s41598-023-36913-8 and decoding of the electrical signals collected from the [5] Greenemeier, L. FDA Approves First Retinal Implant. Nature photosensitive diode array. It converts light signals into (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2013.12439 image information that the patient can understand and [6] Jiang, L., Lu, G., Zeng, Y. et al. Flexible ultrasound-induced transmits it to the visual cortex of the brain, allowing the retinal stimulating piezo-arrays for biomimetic visual prostheses. patient to perceive external visual information Nat Commun 13, 3853 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467- The purpose of decoding is to convert the implanted elec- 022-31599-4 trical signals into image information that the patient can [7] Zrenner, E., Bartz-Schmidt, K. U., Benav, H., Besch, D., understand. The purpose of coding is to convert the image Bruckmann, A., Gabel, V. P., ... & Wilke, R. (2011). Subretinal information into a form suitable for transmission to the electronic chips allow blind patients to read letters and combine brain. The signal being coded and decoded then trans- them to words. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological mitted to the brain. With the help of the retinal implant, Sciences, 278(1711), 1489-1497. the patient’s brain receives these electrical signals and [8] Ghezzi, D. (2020). Translation of a photovoltaic retinal interprets them as visual information, which activates the prosthesis. Nature biomedical engineering, 4(2), 137-138. brain’s visual cortex and allows the patient to perceive ex- [9] Huang, T. W., Kamins, T. I., Chen, Z. C., Wang, B. Y., ternal visual information. Bhuckory, M., Galambos, L., ... & Palanker, D. (2021). Verticaljunction photodiodes for smaller pixels in retinal prostheses. 6. Conclusion Journal of neural engineering, 18(3), 036015. To conclude, the overall technology of retinal implant [10] Dowling, J. Current and future prospects for optoelectronic has much space to improve. The system still requires retinal prostheses. Eye 23, 1999–2005 (2009). https://doi. improvement in resolution in terms of the images that org/10.1038/eye.2008.385 was formed in the patient’s brain. Though there are still [11] Leonlew. (2022, June 3). Camera and Image sensor lots to improve, retinal implant provided an approach to Technology Basics Notes (6) -- Photoelectric sensing basics, cure retinal disfunction and obtain sight for patients with photodiode related notes. https://blog.csdn.net/vivo01/article/ retinal disorder. Retinal implant technology did provide details/124420531 us with a starting head of neuro-machine interface, with [12] Firl, K. C., Tang, P. H., Montezuma, S. R., Makawi, A., Shah, V. A., Kim, L. A., & Akkara, J. D. Retina Prosthesis.
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