Exploration of Synthesis Pathways for Multifunctional Nanobiomaterials Based on Biomedical Demands

Abstract

Recent progress in multifunctional nanobiomaterials has paved novel avenues for precision medicine. These materials enable the integration of targeted delivery, imaging, and therapeutic functionalities within a single system. They include chemical ways like coordination self-assembly and polymerization, biomimetic methods such as cell membrane coating and biotemplate synthesis, and nucleic acid scaffold methods like DNA origami. We evaluate the performance of these methods in physiological environments. For example, carbon nanotubes with branched PEG have a longer blood half-life of about 22.1 hours, while those without PEG last only 5.4 hours. Also, nanocarriers coated with red blood cell membranes exhibit robust immune evasion capabilities in animal models. We discuss how cross-linking, multilayer coating, and dynamic shielding can improve biocompatibility, and how to design materials that respond to outside signals. At the end, we look at problems like reproducibility, scale-up, and clinical translation, and suggest future directions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview for the rational design of clinically applicable nanobiomaterials.