Application of Nanomaterials in Brain- Computer Interfaces

Abstract

Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are reshaping how humans interact with machines by establishing direct neural pathways for communication. This review explores how nanomaterials—particularly graphene, carbon nanotubes, black phosphorus, and layered double hydroxides—are advancing BCI capabilities. These materials each bring something special to the table: graphene conducts electricity really well, carbon nanotubes pick up faint neural signals effectively, black phosphorus can adjust its electrical properties, and layered double hydroxides help ions move smoothly. But we‘re still facing some tough challenges. Black phosphorus tends to break down when exposed to air and moisture. Graphene electrodes sometimes struggle with signal quality at the connection points. Most importantly, we need to be sure these materials are safe to use in the human body over long periods. This analysis suggests that future breakthroughs will likely emerge from hybrid material systems rather than single-material solutions. In the future, the field needs to find a good balance between coming up with new materials and making sure they’re backed up by solid biological testing. That’s the only way to really release what neural interfaces can do.