Multi-factor Interactions in Global New Energy Policies: Comparative Practices, Impacts, and Optimization Paths

Abstract

Against the backdrop of the global energy transition and worsening environmental issues, new energy has become the key to addressing energy and environmental dilemmas. This article systematically reviews the development paths and policy practices in the new energy sector of representative countries such as Thailand, France, the United States, and Germany, and analyzes policy impacts from three dimensions: public participation, environmental protection, and urban sustainable development. The research finds that each country has formed a differentiated development model based on its resource endowment. Policies have promoted industrial upgrading through legal guarantees and economic incentives, but challenges exist, such as uneven cost sharing, insufficient policy targeting, lack of stability, and poor interest coordination. Data shows that new energy policies have effectively raised public environmental awareness, reduced carbon emissions and pollutant concentrations, optimized urban energy structures, and facilitated economic transformation. Based on this, the article proposes suggestions such as reasonable cost sharing, precise policy optimization, maintaining stability and consistency, strengthening multi-party collaboration, and international cooperation, to provide theoretical and practical references for improving the new energy policy system and promoting global energy transition.