Research Progress of Sodium-Ion Cathode Materials
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61173/hah2dy52Keywords:
Sodium-ion battery, cathode materials, prussian blue analoguesAbstract
Sodium-ion batteries have attracted extensive attentions as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to the abundant natural resources of sodium and the expected low production cost. This paper presents a detailed review on recent advances of sodium-ion battery cathode materials, which are considered as the most important part contributing to the overall performance of a battery. According to structural features, electrochemical behavior, advantages and disadvantages, sodium-based polyanionic compounds, Prussian blue analogues and layered transition metal oxides as cathode materials are reviewed in this article. Moreover, different from lithium-ion battery, much bigger ionic radius of sodium ion results in much more complicated working mechanism. The technical challenges of sodium-ion batteries including low energy density, poor cycling stability and limited rate capability are analyzed in details. The strategies to solve above problems are discussed in details. These strategies include elemental doping, surface coating, nano-structuring and novel structural engineering strategies including highentropy stabilization. The emerging research trends and future development directions are identified based on materials development, structure optimization, cost reduction and environment friendliness. The conventional idea is summarized and detailed discussions are offered to guide the further advance of high-performance sodium-ion batteries towards commercialization.
References
be on achieving the highest energy density but rather the Reviews, 2017, 46(12): 3529-3614. best lifecycle cost. For specific classes of mobility appli- [2] Vaal Ma, Chris Toph. A cost and resource analysis of sodium-
cations, such as urban electric vehicles, low-cost variants ion batteries. Nature reviews materials. 2023, 23(49): 1-11. of SIBs with moderate performance may find niches in [3] Nayak, Prasant Kumar, Nan Meet, et al. From lithium‐ion the market. The development of management systems op- to sodium‐ion batteries: advantages, challenges, and surprises.
timized for specialized operation will further optimize the Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2024, 57(11): 102- real-world performance and reliability of SIBs. 120. As research catches up and manufacturing scales up, the [4] You, Ya, Arumugam Manthiram. Progress in high‐voltage world can expect sodium-ion batteries to play an increas- cathode materials for rechargeable sodium‐ion batteries.
ingly important role. They will complement rather than Advanced Energy Materials, 2018, 23(34): 1701785. compete with lithium-ion technology as the global energy [5] Zhang Heng, Hang Tao, Zhao Peng, et al. Long‐cycle‐life storage landscape expands to accommodate renewable en- cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries toward large‐scale ergy and electrified systems across transport, power, and energy storage systems. Advanced Energy Materials, 2023, data. 32(34): 2300149. [6] Liu Fang, Su Wan, Xiao Dong, et al. Enhancing Voltage Output in Polyanion‐Type Cathode Materials for Sodium Ion 3. Conclusion Batteries. Batteries & Supercaps, 2024, 43(32): 202400290. Through the research on the positive electrode materials [7] Kitcha Mset, An Barros, Sungwook Min, et al. Prussian of sodium-ion batteries, this paper reveals that the current Blue Analogs as Cathode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries.
mainstream three types of positive electrode materials - Batteries & Supercaps, 2025, 12(34): 20250482. poly-anionic compounds, Prussian blue analogues, and [8] Gao Peng, Wan Jian, Wang Dong, et al. Prussian blue layered transition metal oxides - each have their own analogues for sodium‐ion batteries: past, present, and future.
advantages and limitations in terms of structural charac- Advanced Materials, 2022, 34(15): 2108384. teristics and electrochemical performance. Poly-anionic [9] Zu Peng, Wen Hua, Zhang Peng, et al. Layered oxide materials have high voltage and good stability, but poor cathodes for sodium-ion batteries: storage mechanism, conductivity. Prussian blue analogues have low synthesis electrochemistry, and techno-economics. Accounts of chemical
costs and excellent rate performance, but they have prob- research, 2023, 24(55): 284-296. lems of crystalline water and vacancy defects. Layered [10] Wang Pen, Yang Bing, Chan Wang, et al. High‐Entropy oxides have high specific capacity, but they are prone to Phase Stabilization Engineering Enables High‐Performance phase transformation during cycling, resulting in capacity Layered Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries. Advanced Energy
degradation. Materials, 2024, 23(33): 2401090. Therefore, future research should focus on improving [11] Li An, Si Qing, Wang Song, et al. Recent developments of the comprehensive performance of the materials through layered transition metal oxide cathodes for sodium‐ion batteries multi-element co-doping, surface coating and structural toward desired high performance. Asia‐Pacific Journal of
design, and promoting their feasibility in practical appli- Chemical Engineering, 2022, 23(34): 2332762.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 by the authors.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
