The influence of silicon anode morphology on energy storage performance in lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

In the context of the global energy transition and the extreme need for high - performance energy storage systems, lithium - ion batteries (LIBs) have become a core technology. However, the limited capacity of traditional graphite anodes restricts the further development of LIBs. Silicon anodes, which owns ultra - high theoretical capacity, have emerged as a promising solution, yet their practical application is still hindered by severe volume expansion during lithiation. This research holistically examined the relationship between the morphology of silicon anodes and their energy storage performance in LIBs, systematically analyzed four typical morphologies: silicon nanoparticles, nanotubes, bulk silicon, and thin-film silicon, and scientifically explored how morphological features - such as particle size, hollow structures, and film thickness - affect lithium ion diffusion, volume expansion mitigation, and cycle stability. The results revealed that different silicon anode morphologies exhibit distinct advantages and challenges. Silicon nanoparticles show excellent rate performance but suffer from agglomeration - induced capacity decay. Silicon nanotubes can effectively buffer volume expansion but are constrained by complex fabrication processes. Bulk silicon, when modified by nano structuring, balances performance and cost to some extent, while thin - film silicon demonstrates good flexibility but low areal capacity. The study offered strategies to address the key issues in silicon anode commercialization, contributing to high energy densities of electric vehicles and their energy storage.