Applications of Electromagnetic Sensing Technologies in Complex Electromagnetic Environment

Abstract

The increasingly complex electromagnetic environment (CEME), characterized by dense signal occupancy, intentional interference, and dynamic spectral congestion, poses significant challenges to electromagnetic (EM) sensing technologies. This review comprehensively surveys the theoretical foundations and practical applications of EM sensing within such challenging environments. Key theoretical principles underpinning robust sensing in CEME are elucidated. The topics include wave propagation fundamentals, advanced modeling and characterization of CEME, detection and estimation theory under interference, and electromagnetic compatibility coupled with dynamic spectrum management. The practical deployment of EM sensing technologies is examined across critical sectors including defense (leveraging cognitive radar, multi-sensor fusion), communications (spectrum sensing for cognitive radio/dynamic access), and aerospace (addressing interference threats like 5G to altimeters). Emerging trends such as AI/ML-enhanced sensing, integrated sensing and communication, and collaborative/distributed sensing networks are highlighted as pivotal for future advancements. The review concludes by outlining key challenges and research directions aimed at enhancing sensor adaptability, resilience, and spectral efficiency in the face of ever-growing EM complexity.