What is the effect of temperature on formaldehyde absorption by soil-grown and hydroponic Epipremnum aureum?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61173/qattsf41Keywords:
Phytoremediation, Epipremnum aureum, golden pothos, formaldehyde, formaldehyde removal, temperature, effect of temperature, potted plant, VOC gas removal, indoor pollutant removalAbstract
Formaldehyde gas is a toxic gas and is an indoor pollutant. Phytoremediation is an effective method to remove indoor formaldehyde gas. This research aims to investigate the effect of temperature (20°C, 25°C, and 30°C) on the phytoremediation of formaldehyde by hydroponic and soil-grown Epipremnum aureum in both light and dark conditions. The experiments were conducted in a sealed acrylic box, which was tested to be airtight. Additional formaldehyde solution was added to the box to vaporize, and the concentrations of formaldehyde gas and carbon dioxide gas in the box were measured and recorded. The results showed that the formaldehyde absorption ability of both hydroponic and soil-grown Epipremnum aureum decreased as the temperature increased from 20°C to 30°C, with 20°C being the optimum temperature within the experiments. The results showed that cultivation methods (hydroponic and soil-grown) and light intensity (1100 lux and 0 lux) had no significant effect on the formaldehyde absorption capacity of Epipremnum aureum. Therefore, for greatest absorption, potted Epipremnum aureum should be kept at around 20°C.
References
to purify the indoor environment, and to find out which indoor environment[J]. Chemical reviews, 2010, 110(4): 2536- common cultivation method, soil-grown or hydroponic 2572. Epipremnum aureum, is more effective in removing form- [2] Salthammer T. Formaldehyde sources, formaldehyde aldehyde from indoor air, moreover, to find out if formal- concentrations and air exchange rates in European housings[J].
dehyde absorption by Epipremnum aureum affects carbon Building and environment, 2019, 150: 219-232. dioxide concentration. [3] Nielsen G D, Wolkoff P. Cancer effects of formaldehyde: The results from the experiments of soil-grown and hy- a proposal for an indoor air guideline value[J]. Archives of
droponic Epipremnum aureum showed that the absorption toxicology, 2010, 84: 423-446. ability decreased as temperature increased from 20°C to [4] Wolkoff P, Nielsen G D. Non-cancer effects of formaldehyde 30°C. The formaldehyde absorption capacity at 20°C was and relevance for setting an indoor air guideline[J]. Environment
the greatest which showed that 20°C was the most appro- international, 2010, 36(7): 788-799. priate temperature for Epipremnum aureum. Therefore, [5] World Health Organization. Air quality guidelines for keeping potted Epipremnum aureum at 20°C is the most Europe[M]. World Health Organization. Regional Office for effective to absorb formaldehyde gas from indoor air. Europe, 2000. The effects of cultivation methods and light intensity were [6] Yin F. Genetic engineering of formaldehyde metabolic also studied and the results showed that they had no sig- pathways in ornamental plants[D].Kunming University of nificant effects on the formaldehyde absorption capacity Science and Technology, 2007. of Epipremnum aureum. Therefore, keeping soil-grown [7] Yurimoto H, Kato N, Sakai Y. Assimilation, dissimilation, and hydroponic Epipremnum aureum indoors are both and detoxification of formaldehyde, a central metabolic similarly effective to remove formaldehyde gas. intermediate of methylotrophic metabolism[J]. The Chemical
Evaluation Record, 2005, 5(6): 367-375. This research is valuable because clean indoor ambient [8] Orita I, Yurimoto H, Hirai R, et al. The archaeon Pyrococcus air is important to people’s health. Phytoremediation is a horikoshii possesses a bifunctional enzyme for formaldehyde very convenient and cheap way to remove indoor pollu- fixation via the ribulose monophosphate pathway[J]. Journal of
tion gases such as formaldehyde. It can keep people away bacteriology, 2005, 187(11): 3636-3642. from some serious diseases. [9] Kim K J, Jeong M I, Lee D W, et al. Variation in In this research, the effect of temperature on formaldehyde formaldehyde removal efficiency among indoor plant species[J].
absorption by soil-grown and hydroponic Epipremnum HortScience, 2010, 45(10): 1489-1495. aureum was discovered successfully, and the optimum [10] Su Y, Liang H, Zhao S, et al. Removal efficiency and temperature for soil-grown and hydroponic Epipremnum mechanisms of formaldehyde by five species of plants in airaureum to absorb formaldehyde was found. In addition, plant-water system[J]. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment:
this study considered a comprehensive set of factors to An International Journal, 2019, 25(4): 1059-1071. investigate the optimal condition for Epipremnum aure- [11] Liu Y J, Mu Y J, Zhu Y G, et al. Which ornamental Dean&Francis Yihao Wang plant species effectively remove benzene from indoor air?[J]. capability of potted Phoenix roebelenii and its installation effect
Atmospheric Environment, 2007, 41(3): 650-654. in indoor space[J]. Sensors and Materials, 2009, 21(8): 445-455. [12] Teiri H, Hajizadeh Y, Azhdarpoor A. A review of different [26] Zuo L, Wu D, Deng M, et al. Simultaneous influence of light phytoremediation methods and critical factors for purification and CO2 on phytoremediation performance and physiological of common indoor air pollutants: an approach with sensitive response of plants to formaldehyde[J]. Environmental Science
analysis[J]. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 2021: 1-19. and Pollution Research, 2023, 30(23): 64191-64202. [13] Su Y M, Lin C H. Removal of indoor carbon dioxide [27] Aydogan A, Montoya L D. Formaldehyde removal by and formaldehyde using green walls by bird nest fern[J]. The common indoor plant species and various growing media[J].
Horticulture Journal, 2015, 84(1): 69-76. Atmospheric environment, 2011, 45(16): 2675-2682. [14] Liang H, Zhao S, Liu K, et al. Roles of reactive oxygen [28] Mohamed E F, El-Hashemy M A, Abdel-Latif N M, et species and antioxidant enzymes on formaldehyde removal from al. Production of sugarcane bagasse-based activated carbon air by plants[J]. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, for formaldehyde gas removal from potted plants exposure
Part A, 2019, 54(3): 193-201. chamber[J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management [15] Achkor H, Díaz M, Fernández M R, et al. Enhanced Association, 2015, 65(12): 1413-1420. formaldehyde detoxification by overexpression of glutathione- [29] Wen Q, Li C, Cai Z, et al. Study on activated carbon derived dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis[J]. from sewage sludge for adsorption of gaseous formaldehyde[J].
Plant Physiology, 2003, 132(4): 2248-2255. Bioresource technology, 2011, 102(2): 942-947. [16] Zhao S, Zhao Y, Liang H, et al. Formaldehyde removal [30] https://society.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnK2Di4. Hainan in the air by six plant systems with or without rhizosphere Daily, 2017. microorganisms[J]. International journal of phytoremediation, [31] Zuo L, Wu D, Yu L, et al. Phytoremediation of 2019, 21(13): 1296-1304. formaldehyde by the stems of Epipremnum aureum and Rohdea [17] Yang Y, Su Y, Zhao S. An efficient plant–microbe japonica[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,
phytoremediation method to remove formaldehyde from air[J]. 2022: 1-10.
Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2020, 18: 197-206. [32] Khalifa A A, Alalaiwat D, Khan E. Phytoremediation [18] Shao Y, Wang Y, Zhao R, et al. Biotechnology progress of formaldehyde by three selected non-native indoor plant for removal of indoor gaseous formaldehyde[J]. Applied species[J]. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2024:
microbiology and biotechnology, 2020, 104: 3715-3727. 1-13. [19] Kim K J, Jeong M I, Lee D W, et al. Variation in [33] Cao S J, Pan B H, Tian Y C, et al. Comparative study on formaldehyde removal efficiency among indoor plant species[J]. formaldehyde absorption capacity of 6 ornamental plants[J].
HortScience, 2010, 45(10): 1489-1495. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2009, 18(5): 1798-1801. [20] Wang R, Zeng Z, Guo H, et al. Over-expression of the [34] Pettit T, Irga P J, Torpy F R. Functional green wall Arabidopsis formate dehydrogenase in chloroplasts enhances development for increasing air pollutant phytoremediation: formaldehyde uptake and metabolism in transgenic tobacco Substrate development with coconut coir and activated
leaves[J]. Planta, 2018, 247: 339-354. carbon[J]. Journal of hazardous materials, 2018, 360: 594-603. [21] Peng W X, Yue X, Chen H, et al. A review of plants [35] Zhao S, Zhao Y, Liang H, et al. Formaldehyde removal formaldehyde metabolism: Implications for hazardous emissions in the air by six plant systems with or without rhizosphere
and phytoremediation[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022, microorganisms[J]. International journal of phytoremediation, 436: 129304. 2019, 21(13): 1296-1304. [22] Barber R D, Donohue T J. Pathways for transcriptional [36] Klein V J, Irla M, Gil López M, et al. Unravelling activation of a glutathione- dependent formaldehyde formaldehyde metabolism in bacteria: road towards synthetic
dehydrogenase gene[J]. Journal of molecular biology, 1998, methylotrophy[J]. Microorganisms, 2022, 10(2): 220. 280(5): 775-784. [37] Yang Z, Yan G, Liu X, et al. Study on coconut shell [23] Tada Y, Kidu Y. Glutathione-dependent formaldehyde activated carbon temperature swing adsorption of benzene and
dehydrogenase from golden pothos (Epipremnum aureum) and formaldehyde[J]. Journal of Renewable Materials, 2022, 10(12): the production of formaldehyde detoxifying plants[J]. Plant 3573.
Biotechnology, 2011, 28(4): 373-378. [38] Berggren M, Laudon H, Jonsson A, et al. Nutrient [24] Zhao S, Su Y, Liang H. Efficiency and mechanism of constraints on metabolism affect the temperature regulation of formaldehyde removal from air by two wild plants; Plantago aquatic bacterial growth efficiency[J]. Microbial ecology, 2010, asiatica L. and Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz[J]. Journal 60: 894-902.
of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 2019, 17: [39] Dijkstra P, Thomas S C, Heinrich P L, et al. Effect 141-150. of temperature on metabolic activity of intact microbial [25] Baosheng K, Shibata S, Sawada A, et al. Air purification communities: evidence for altered metabolic pathway activity Dean&Francis ISSN 2959-6157
but not for increased maintenance respiration and reduced environmental stress, 2019: 65-73.
carbon use efficiency[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2011, [47] Feng L, Raza M A, Li Z, et al. The influence of light 43(10): 2023-2031. intensity and leaf movement on photosynthesis characteristics [40] Sawada A, Oyabu T. Purification characteristics of and carbon balance of soybean[J]. Frontiers in plant science,
pothos for airborne chemicals in growing conditions and its 2019, 9: 1952.
evaluation[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(3): 594-602. [48] Yamori W, Hikosaka K, Way D A. Temperature response [41] Eberhard S, Finazzi G, Wollman F A. The dynamics of of photosynthesis in C 3, C 4, and CAM plants: temperature
photosynthesis[J]. Annual review of genetics, 2008, 42(1): 463- acclimation and temperature adaptation[J]. Photosynthesis 515. research, 2014, 119: 101-117. [42] Farquhar G D, Von Caemmerer S, Berry J A. Models of [49] Yan-ling C, Liu-yong W U, Pei-qiang K E. Influences of
photosynthesis[J]. Plant physiology, 2001, 125(1): 42-45. different illumination treatments on the growth of epipremnum [43] Xu Z, Wang L, Hou H. Formaldehyde removal by potted aureum[J]. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology,
plant–soil systems[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 2015, 36(1): 102-103, 42. 192(1): 314-318. [50] Khalifa A A, Khan E, Akhtar M S. Phytoremediation [44] Bunce J A. Effects of humidity on photosynthesis[J]. of indoor formaldehyde by plants and plant material[J].
Journal of Experimental Botany, 1984, 35(9): 1245-1251. International journal of phytoremediation, 2023, 25(4): 493-504. [45] Jang Y, Goto E, Ishigami Y, et al. Effects of light [51] Dongguan Jinlide Electronic Technology Co.,Ltd. intensity and relative humidity on photosynthesis, growth [52] Estupiñan Y M M, Ruiz C P T, García N M S, et al. Growth and graft-take of grafted cucumber seedlings during healing analysis and CO 2 absorption capability of Epipremnum and acclimatization[J]. Horticulture, Environment, and aureum[C]//2021 Congreso Colombiano y Conferencia
Biotechnology, 2011, 52: 331-338. Internacional de Calidad de Aire y Salud Pública (CASAP). [ 4 6 ] Wi m a l a s e k e r a R . E f f e c t o f l i g h t i n t e n s i t y o n IEEE, 2021: 1-4. photosynthesis[J]. Photosynthesis, productivity and
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 by the authors.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
