The Impact of Electric Vehicles on the Demand for Natural Resources

Authors

  • YU SUNG MING

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61173/wjwx1s77

Keywords:

Electric vehicles, natural resources, lithium, cobalt, nickel, sustainability, supply chain, battery pro-duction

Abstract

Advancements in electric vehicle technology are shifting demand for raw materials, including lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which are primarily used in the manufacture of EV parts, particularly batteries. The adoption of EVs is significantly changing the demand for resources. As a result, this shift in demand impacts the environment and the overall social wellbeing of the people. The most affected group are those in the localities where these minerals are mined. The economy is also significantly impacted because this shift carries with it a wide range of challenges associated with the mining processes of these minerals. This dissertation explores the sustainability of the current extraction to outline potential solutions to the problem of resource scarcity. This is essential in the sense that it ensures sustainability. The findings demonstrate that, whereas the use of EVS has environmental advantages, it is not devoid of challenges which arise from the over-reliance on critical mineral resources, thus affecting sustainability and supply chain stability.

References

Ahmad, S. (2024). The Lithium Triangle: Where Chile, Argentina and Bolivia Meet. Harvard International Review. Retrieved from https://hir.harvard.edu/lithium-triangle/ Antony Jose, S., Dworkin, L., Montano, S., Noack, W. C.,

Rusche, N., Williams, D., & Menezes, P. L. (2024). Pathways to Circular Economy for Electric Vehicle Batteries. Recycling, 9(5), 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9050076

Asare, B. K., & Darkoh, M. B. K. (2001). Socio-economic and environmental impacts of mining in Botswana: a case Study of the Selebi-Phikwe Copper-Nickel Mine. Eastern Africa social science research review, 17(2), 1-42. Azevedo, M., Campagnol, N., Hagenbruch, T., Hoffman, K.,

Lala, A., & Ramsbottom, O. (2018). Lithium and cobalt. A Tale of Two Commodities. 1-20.

Bartzas, G., Tsakiridis, P. E., & Komnitsas, K. (2021). Nickel industry: Heavy metal (loid) s contaminationsources, environmental impacts and recent advances on waste valorization. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 21, 1-12.

Baumann-Pauly, D. (2023). Cobalt mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Addressing root causes of human rights abuses. White Paper, NYU Stern Center for Business and Human.1-16.

Carrasco, S. (2025). Closing the Lithium Triangle: Public Policies in Argentina and Bolivia. From (De) regulation to Industrialization? Chilean Lithium Policy in Comparative Perspective. Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-031-77130-9_7

Damian, M., Abbas, M., & Berthaud, P. (2015). The main directions of the 2015 Paris climate agreement. Natures Sciences Societies. 19-28. Fu, X., Beatty, D. N., Gaustad, G. G., Ceder, G., Roth, R.,

Kirchain, R. E., ... & Olivetti, E. A. (2020). Perspectives on cobalt supply through 2030 in the face of changing demand. Environmental science & technology, 54(5), 2985-2993.

Giglio, E. (2021). Extractivism and its socio-environmental impact in South America. Overview of the “lithium triangle”. América Crítica, 5(1), 47-53. https://doi.org/10.13125/ americacritica/4926

Greenfield, N. (2022). Lithium Mining Is Leaving Chile’s Indigenous Communities High and Dry (Literally). NRDC. Retrieved from https://www.nrdc.org/stories/lithium-miningleaving-chiles-indigenous-communities-high-and-dry-literally

Gulley, A. L. (2023). China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and artisanal cobalt mining from 2000 through 2020. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(26), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2212037120

Gulley, A. L. (2024). The development of China’s monopoly over cobalt battery materials. Mineral Economics, 37(3), 619- 631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-024-00447-w

Hou, H., Du, B., Guo, D., Xu, H., & Fan, Y. (2024). Path to the sustainable development of China’s secondary lead industry: An overview of the current status of waste lead-acid battery recycling. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 105, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2023.107389

IEA (2021), Global EV Outlook 2021, IEA, Paris Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2021,

IEA. (2020) Tracking Transport 2020. Available at: https://www. iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2020

IRENA (2024), Critical materials: Batteries for electric vehicles, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. https:// www.irena.org//media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2024/ Sep/IRENA_Critical_materials_Batteries_for_EVs_2024.pdf

Jackson, L.P., Grinsted, A., & Jevrejeva, S. (2018). 21st Century sea‐level rise in line with the Paris agreement. Earth’s Future, 6 (2), 213-229.

Jennifer, L. (2024). Nickel Power: Will Demand for EVs Drive Supply to New Heights by 2030? Carbon Credit. Retrieved from, https://carboncredits.com/nickel-power-will-demand-forevs-drive-supply-to-new-heights-by-2030/

Kalungi, P., Yao, Z., & Huang, H. (2024). Aspects of nickel, cobalt and lithium, the three key elements for Li-ion batteries: an overview on resources, demands, and production. Materials, 17(17), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174389 Liu, D., Gao, X., An, H., Qi, Y., Sun, X., Wang, Z., ... & Jia,

N. (2019). Supply and demand response trends of lithium resources driven by the demand of emerging renewable energy technologies in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 145, 311-321. Maisel, F., Neef, C., Marscheider-Weidemann, F., & Nissen, N. F. (2023). A forecast on future raw material demand and recycling potential of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 192, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.resconrec.2023.106920

Mortensen, N.H. (2019). Our demand for electric cars and smartphones is drying up the most arid place in the world. DANSK. Retrieved from https://danwatch.dk/en/our-demandfor-electric-cars-and-smartphones-is-drying-up-the-most-aridplace-in-the-world

Moss, N. A. F. (2022). Child Labour in the Democratic Republic Dean&Francis YU SUNG MING of Congo’s Cobalt Mines: The United Nations and the European Union as Providers of Human Security (2016-2022) (Master›s thesis, Universidade do Minho (Portugal).

Murdock, B. E., Toghill, K. E., & Tapia‐Ruiz, N. (2021). A perspective on the sustainability of cathode materials used in lithium‐ion batteries. Advanced Energy Materials, 11(39), 1-11. Ren, H., Mu, D., Wang, C., Yue, X., Li, Z., Du, J., & Lim,

M. K. (2024). Vulnerability to geopolitical disruptions of the global electric vehicle lithium-ion battery supply chain network. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 188, 1-12. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.cie.2024.109919

Sakunai, T., Ito, L., & Tokai, A. (2021). Environmental impact assessment on production and material supply stages of lithiumion batteries with increasing demands for electric vehicles. Journal of material cycles and waste management, 23, 470-479.

Simon, B., Ziemann, S., & Weil, M. (2015). Potential metal requirement of active materials in lithium-ion battery cells of electric vehicles and its impact on reserves: Focus on Europe. Resources, conservation and recycling, 104, 300-310. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.07.01

Sitati, C. N., Oludhe, C., Oyake, L., & Mbandi, A. M. (2022). A street-level assessment of greenhouse gas emissions associated with traffic congestion in the city of Nairobi, Kenya. Clean Air Journal, 32(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.17159/ caj/2022/32/1.12546

The Northern Miner Group (2022). Global lithium production hits record high on electric vehicle demand. Retrieved from https://www.mining.com/global-lithium-production-hits-recordhigh-on-electric-vehicle-demand/

Tsurukawa, N., Prakash, S., & Manhart, A. (2011). Social impacts of artisanal cobalt mining in Katanga, Democratic Republic of Congo. Öko-Institut eV, Freiburg, 1-65.

Umpula, E., & Dummett, M. (2024). The blood cobalt narrative: Addressing human rights concerns or scaremongering? Business and Human Rights Journal, 9(2), 308-314. https://doi. org/10.1017/bhj.2024.4 Un-Noor, F., Padmanaban, S., Mihet-Popa, L., Mollah, M. N., & Hossain, E. (2017). A comprehensive study of key electric vehicle (EV) components, technologies, challenges, impacts, and future direction of development. Energies, 10(8), 1-10. Yong, J. Y., Ramachandaramurthy, V. K., Tan, K. M., &

Mithulananthan, N. (2015). A review on the state-of-the-art technologies of electric vehicle, its impacts and prospects. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 49, 365-385. Appendix - Gantt chart

Downloads

Published

2025-06-17